Contents
50. Other Translators in the Period of Disunity
- Other Translators in the Period of Disunity
In Chinese history, there had the Period of Disunity or called the
South and North Dynasties (317 � 589 A.D.)
50.1 Chih-chien ( 支謙
) (~200 A.D)
- from Kushan (月支國)
to China during Dong-wu Dynasty (東吳)
in the Period of Disunity
- translated 88 scriptures for both Hinayana and Mahayana, including
- Atthakavagga, i.e. Meaningful Chapters (義品經)
2 fascicles in 223-253 A.D.
- Vimalakirti Nirdesha Sutra, i.e. Vimalakirti Sutra ( 維摩詰經)
2 fascicles between 223 and 253 A.D.
- Matangi Sutra (摩登伽經)
2 fascicles
50.2 Sanghapala / Kang Seng-hui ( 康僧會
) (~250 A.D.)
- the eldest son of the Prime Minister of Soghdiana/Samarkand
(康居國)
- immigrated to China during Dong-wu Dynasty (東吳)
in the Period of Disunity
- translated scriptures, included Shatparamita Sangraha Sutra,
i.e. Sutra of the Collection of the Practices of the Six Perfections
(六度集經)
8 fascicles between 251-280 A.D.
50.3 Dharmaraksha / Chu Fa-hu ( 竺法謢
) (200-300 A.D.)
- from India to China in the Period of Disunity
- ordained in 8 years old, very talented in reading and writing,
proficient in 36 languages when he travelled
- known as Tun-huang Bodhisattva (敦煌菩薩)
- with a group of 12 translators, he translated 175 scriptures
of 354 fascicles, including:
- Avatamsaka Sutra (華嚴經)
- Agama Sutra (阿含經)
- Vaipulya Sutras (方等經)
- Lotus Sutras(法華經)
- Nirvana Sutra(涅槃經)
- Panchavimshati Sahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra (光讚般若波羅蜜經)
10 fascicles in 286 A.D.
- Lalitavistara, i.e. Detailed Narration of the Sport of the
Buddha (普曜經)
8 fascicles in 308 A.D
- Ullambana Sutra (孟蘭盆經)
1 fascicle.
50.4 Gautama Sanghadeva ( 瞿曇僧伽提婆 ) (~300 A.D.)
- from Kabul
- translated 7 scriptures during 383-398 A.D. including
- Madhyama-agama i.e. Middle Length Sayings (中阿含經)
60 fascicles in 397-398 A.D.
- Ekottara-agama i.e. Gradual Sayings (增一阿含經),
51 fascicles 397-398 A.D.
- Treatise of the Heart of Abhidharma (阿毗曇心論)
50.5 Buddhabhadra ( 佛陀跋陀羅
) (394-468 A.D.)
- from Central India
- invited by Master Hui-yen (慧遠)
to stay at Mount Lu (盧山)
to translate sutras
- translated 13 scriptures of 125 fascicles including
- Avatamsaka Sutra (華嚴經)
in 60 fascicles in 418-421 A.D.
- Mahasanghika Vinaya (摩訶僧衹律)
in 40 fascicles, in 416-418 A.D. jointly with Fa-Hsien
- Yogacarabhum Sutra, i.e. Sutra on the Stages of Yoga Practice
(修行道地經)
又名「達摩多羅禪經」)
2 fascicles in 398-421 A.D.
- Mahaparinirvana-suta, i.e. Sutra of the Great Decease (大乘涅槃經),
6 fascicles in 416-418 jointly with Fa-hsien
- Tathagatagarbha Sutra, i.e. Sutra of the Tathagata Treasury
(大方等如來藏經)
1 fascicle in 420 A.D.
50.6 Dharmanandi ( 曇摩難提
/ 法喜
)
- translation works including
- Madhyama-agama, i.e. Middle Length Sayings (中阿含經)
in 59 fascicles
- Ekottara-agama, i.e. Gradual Sayings (增一阿含經)
in 50 fascicles
- the above translated sutras are not extant.
50.7 Buddhayashas ( 佛陀耶舍
)
- teacher/advisor of Kumarajiva in Buddhism
- welcomed by the Emperor Yao Hsing (姚興)
of Later Chin Dynasty (後秦)
when arrived in Chang-an (長安),
China
- translation works including
- Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, i.e. Four-Category Vinaya (四分律)
60 fascicles in 410-412 A.D.
- Dirgha-agama i.e. Long Sayings (長阿含經)
22 fascicles in 412-413 A.D.; jointly with Chu Fo-nien (竺佛念)
50.8 Fa Hsien ( 法顯
) (~ -422 A.D.)
- regarded as the first important Chinese pilgrim
- left China to India in 399 A.D. seeking the original text of
Vinaya and other Buddhist scriptures
- returned to China after 15 years bringing many valuable Buddhist
scriptures for both Hinayana and Mahayana
- he wrote "Records of the Buddhist Kingdoms" (佛國記),
a documentary to record his travels over 30 countries in India,
Sri Lanka, etc.
- translation works including
- Mahaparinirvana Sutra, i.e. Sutra of the Great Decease (大般泥洹經)
6 fascicles in 416-418 A.D., jointly with Buddhabhdra
- Mahasanghika Vinaya, i.e. Vinaya of the Mahasanghika School
(摩訶僧衹律)
40 fascicles in 416-418 A.D., together with Buddhabhadra in
translation.
- 僧衹比丘戒本一卷
- 僧衹尼戒本一卷
50.9 Chu Fo-nein ( 竺佛念
)
- he was the companion of Buddhayashas in translation works
- there were 12 scriptures in 74 fascicles in his own translation
works, including
- 十住斷續經
- Dirgha-agama, i.e. Long Sayings (長阿含經)
22 fascicles in 412-413 A.D., jointly with Buddhayashas
50.10 Dharmakshema ( 曇無讖
/ 法豐
) (385-433 A.D.)
- from Central India to China during Bei-liang Dynasty (北涼)
during the Period of Disunity
- very good in debating
- translated 19 scriptures in 131 fascicles including
- Mahaparinirvana Sutra i.e. Sutra of the Great Decease (大般涅槃經)
40 fascicles in 414-421 A.D., usually taken as the northern
version.
- Mahasamnipata Sutra, i.e. Great Collection of Sutras (大方等大集經)
60 fascicles in 414-426 A.D.
- Buddhacarita (佛所行讚)
5 fascicles
- Bodhisattva Bhumi, i.e. Sutra of a Bodhisattva�s Spiritual
States (菩薩地持經)
10 fascicles between 414 and 426 A.D.
- Suvanapabhasa Sutra, i.e. Golden Light Sutra (金光明經)
4 fascicles in 414-426 A.D.
- Upasakasila Sutra (優婆塞戒經)
7 fascicles.
50.11 Gunabhadra ( 求那跋陀羅
/ 功德賢
) (394 - 468 A.D.)
- born in Central India
- moved from Ceylon to China during the Period of Disunity.
- Translated 52 scriptures in 134 fascicles including:
- Samyukta-agama, i.e. Kindred Sayings (雜阿含經),
50 fascicles in 435-443 A.D.
- Lankaratara Sutra, i.e. Sutra of the Appearance of the Good
Doctrine in (Sri) Lanka (楞伽經),
4 fascicles in 443 A.D.
- Samdhinirmochana Sutra, i.e. Sutra of the Continuation Stream
of Emancipation (相續解脫經),
1 fascicle in 420 A.D.
- Shrimaladevi Simhanada Sutra, i.e. Queen of Shrimala Sutra
(the Lion�s Roar of Queen Shrimala) (勝鬘經)
1 fascicle in 436 A.D.
50.12 Buddhajiva ( 佛陀什/覺壽
) (~ 423 A.D.)
- specialized in Vinaya
- translated works including
- Mahishasaka Vinaya, i.e. Five-category Vinaya (五分律)
30 fascicles
50.13 Paramartha ( 波羅未陀
/ 真諦三藏
) (499-569 A.D.)
- from Western India to Southern China during the Period of Disunity
- said to be one of the greatest translators comparable to Kumarajiva.
However his supportive logistics were not so favourable.
- translated over 50 scriptures in over 120 fascicles including:
- Suvarnaprabhasa Sutra i.e. Golden Light Sutra (金光明經),
7 fascicles in 552 A.D.
- Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita Sutra i.e. Diamond Sutra (金剛經),
1 fascicle in 558-559 A.D.
- Mahayana Shraddhotpada Shastra, i.e. Treatise on the Awaking
of Faith in Mahayana (大乘起信論),
1 fascicle in 553 A.D.
- Mahayanasamgraha i.e. Comprehensive Treatise on Mahayana Buddhism
(攝大乘論),
3 fascicles in 563 A.D.
- Treatise on the Buddha�s nature (佛性論),
4 fascicle in 557-569 A.D.
- Saptadasha Bhumika Shastra, i.e. Treatise on the Seventeen
Stages of Spiritual Development (十七地論)
5 fascicles
- Abhidharama Kosha Shastra i.e. Abhidharma Storehouse Treatise
(俱舍論)
- Samdhinirmochana Sutra i.e. Sutra of Emancipation (解節經)
between 557-589 A.D.
- Saddharmapundarikopadesa (妙法蓮華經優婆提舍)
2 fascicles.
- Sutra on Neither Increasing nor Deceasing (不增不減經)
1 fascicle in 525 A.D.
50.14 Bodhiruchi ( 菩提留支
) (~ 5th century)
- from Northern India to China
- leader of translation centre over 700 monks
- translated 30 scriptures in 101 fascicles in 30 years including
- Dashabhumika Sutra Shastra, i.e. Treatise on the Sutra of
the Ten Stages (十地經論)
12 fascicles in 508-535 A.D.
- Lankavatara Sutra, i.e. Sutra of the Appearance of the Good
Doctrine in (Sri) Lanka (楞伽經)
10 fascicles in 513 A.D.
50.15 Prajnaruchi ( 般若流支
/ 智希
)
- Braham in Central India moved to China
- Translated 18 scriptures in 92 fascicles
- Saddharmasmrity Upasthana Sutra, i.e. Sutra of Stability in
Contemplation of the True Law (正法念處經),
70 fascicles in 538-543 A.D.
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