There are several translated scripts in Chinese, namely:

1. 10 fascicles, translated by Dharmaraksha in 286 AD, called 正法華經
2. 7 or 8 fascicles, translated by Kumarajiva in 406 AD, called 妙法蓮華經
3. 7 or 8 fascicles, translated by Jnanagupta and Dharmagupta in 601 AD, called 添品妙法蓮華經

The attainment through Samapatti is regarded as the complete Dhyana. See also Samapanna.

However, in order to benefit ordinary sentient beings, it creates or transforms to physical form, which is called Nirmanakaya or Emanation Body.

Other versions translated in Chinese are as follows:

1. Sutra of the Continuous Stream of Emancipation ( 相續解脫經 ), which was the partially translated by Gunabhadra during 420-479 AD
   1. 1 fascicle named 相續解脫地羅波羅蜜了義經, and
   2. 1 fascicle named 相續解脫如來所作隨順了義經.

2. Sutra of Profound and Mysterious Emancipation ( 深密解脫經 ), or abbreviated in Chinese as 深密經, which was translated in 5 fascicles during 508-535 AD by Bodhiruchi.

3. Sutra on Emancipation ( 佛說解節經 ), which consists of 1 fascicle as it is the partial translation of the Sutra. It was translated by Paramartha during 557-589 AD.

1. Rg-veda   梨俱吠陀   -   life & health;
2. Sama-veda   傞馬吠陀   -   ritual & worship;
3. Yajur-veda   夜柔吠陀   -   war study;
4. Atharva-veda   阿闥吠陀   -   mandra & poems.

The four is know as Four Vedas.

By its name, the principal texts of this sect are the Three Shastra:

1. Madhyamika-karikas Shastra ( 中觀論 ) or simply Madhyamika Shastra ( 中論 ), or Middle Treatise, written by Nagarjuna.
2. Dvadasanikaya Shastra ( 十二門論 ) or Twelve Gate Treatise, written by Nagarjuna.
3. Shatashastra ( 百論 ) or One Hundred Verses Treatise, written by Aryadeva.

All three shastras were translated into Chinese by Kumarajiva. The first two were written by Nagarjuna who elaborated the meaning of emptiness in the teaching of Middle Way, the essence of the Prajna teaching of Shakyamuni Buddha. The third one was written by Aryadeva. He was the follower of Nagarjuna, who put forward all the arguments against Hinayana.

There are many other names for this sect, such as Prajna Sect ( 般若宗 ), Mahayana Emptiness Sect ( 大乘空宗 ), Nature Sect ( 性宗 ), Dharma Nature Sect ( 法性宗 ), all of which represent the basic doctrines advocated by this sect.

The subdivision of Sarvastivadah was complicated and doubtful. In the list of the Eighteen Sects of Hinayana, the Sarvastivadah was not taken into account to be one sect, as it split into all the remaining sects.

Also known as Hetavadinah.

1. Senior-seated monk by age ( 生年上座 ).
2. Senior-seated monk by precepts ( 戒嚴上座 ) - he is the one who received the precepts more than twenty years ago.
3. Senior-seated monk by blessing and virtue ( 福德上座 ) - perfect in both blessings and wisdom.
4. Senior-seated monk by understanding of Dharma-nature ( 法性上座 ) - he understands the reality of Dharma-nature.

1. Superiority over inferiors and equality with the equal ( 慢 )
2. Superiority over equals and equality with the superiors ( 過慢 )
3. Superiority over manifest superiors ( 慢過慢 )
4. Egotism or overwhelming pride ( 我慢 )
5. Vaunting assertion of possessing the knowledge and the Truth ( 增上慢 )
6. Vaunting one's inferiority or false humility ( 卑慢 )
7. Vaunting lack of virtue for virtue ( 邪慢 )

1. Upasaka ( 優婆塞 ) -- The male layman Buddhists who uphold the Five Precepts, i.e.
   1. Not to kill
   2. Not to steal
   3. Not to commit adultery
   4. Not to make false speech
   5. Not to take intoxicants
2. Upasika ( 優婆夷 ) -- The female layman Buddhists who uphold the Five Precepts.
3. Sramanera ( 沙彌 ) -- The male ordained Buddhists at the age under 16, who uphold the Ten Precepts, i.e. in addition to the Five Precepts, the other five are:
   6. Not to use adornments of flowers nor perfumes
   7. Not to perform as an actor, juggler, acrobat, or go to watch and hear them
   8. Not to sit on elevated, broad and large bed
   9. Not to eat except in regulated hours
   10. Not to possess money, gold, silver or precious things
4. Sramaneraika ( 沙彌尼 ) -- The female ordained Buddhists at the age of 16 and below, who uphold the Ten Precepts.
5. Siksamana ( 式叉摩那 ) -- The female ordained Buddhist from 18 to 20 of age, who uphold the Six Precepts, i.e. The Five Precepts, plus the one that not to eat except in regulated hours.
6. Bhiksu ( 比丘 ) -- The male ordained Buddhist, or monk who uphold the full 250 precepts.
7. Bhiksuni ( 比丘尼 ) -- The female ordained Buddhist, or nun who uphold the full 348 ( commonly called 500 ) precepts.

1. Gold ( 金 )
2. Silver ( 銀 )
3. Lapis lazuli ( 琉璃 )
4. Crystal ( 水晶 / 玻璃 )
5. Agate ( 硨磲 )
6. Rubies ( 赤珠 )
7. Cornelian ( 瑪瑙 )

1. Killing one's father
2. Killing one's mother
3. Spilling the buddha's blood
4. Killing an Arhat
5. Killing an Acharya
6. Killing an Upadhaya
7. Disrupting the harmony of the Sangha

1. Three Single
   1. Solely by reference to people
      e.g. the Amitabha Sutra
   2. Solely by reference to Dharma
      e.g. the Mahaparinirvana Sutra
   3. Solely by analogy
      e.g. The Brahma Net Sutra

2. Three Paired
   4. By reference to a person and a Dharma
      e.g. The Sutra of the Questions of Manjushri
   5. By reference to a person and an analogy
      e.g. The Sutra of the Lion's Roar of the Thus Come One
   6. By reference to a Dharma and an analogy.
      e.g. The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra.

3. Three-in-one
   7. By reference to person, Dharma and analogy together
      e.g. The Great Universal Buddha Flower Adornment Sutra

See also Samapatti and Dhyana.

• Avatamsaka Sutra, i.e. Flower Adornment Sutra, (華嚴經八十卷) 80 fascicles in 4 years
• Lankavatara Sutra, i.e. Sutra of the Appearance of the Good Doctrine in (Sri) Lanka (楞伽經) 7 fascicles in 700-704 A.D.
• Mahayana Shaddhotpada Shastra, i.e. Treatise on the Awakening of Faith in Mahayana, (大乘起信論) 2 fascicles, in 695-704 A.D.
• Ksitigarbhapranidhana Sutra i.e. Earth Store Bodhisattva Sutra (地藏菩薩本願經) 2 fascicles

There are four kinds of Shramanas:

1. A Shramana victorious in the Way ( 勝道沙門 ). He has cultivated and accomplished either Arhatship or Bodhisattvahood.
2. A Shramana who speaks of the Way ( 說道沙門 ). He propagates the Dharma for the benefit of living beings.
3. A Shramana who lives the Way ( 活道沙門 ). He maintains the precepts with purity and great vigor, and is careful that never breaks them.
4. A Shramana who defiles the Way ( 污道沙門 ). He does not eat pure food and he breaks the precepts; he makes a bad example to others, who may lose faith, thus he is said to defile the Buddha's teaching.

See also 'Sramana'.

1. on belief
2. on hearing
3. on time
4. on of the host
5. on place
6. on audiences

The happy states in the Realm of Sensuous Desire. They are,

1. Heaven of the Four Heavenly King (or Four Deva Kings) i.e. Caturmaharajas in Sanskrit, Catumaharsjika in Pali who dwell on the four sides of Mount Sumeru 四天王天
2. Heaven of the Thirty-three, i.e. Trayastrimsas in Sanskrit, Tavstimsa in Pali, which is located at the summit of Mount Sumeru 三十三天 / 忉利天
3. Heaven that Destroys Pain, i.e. Suyama in Sanskrit, Yams in Pali where the times or seasons are always good 夜摩天
4. Heaven of Sweet Delight, i.e. Tusita in Sanskrit, Tusita in Pali 兜率天
5. Heaven of Transformation of Bliss, i.e. Nirmanarati in Sanskrit, Nimmanasti in Pali 樂化天
6. Heaven of Comfort Gained through Transformation of Other's Bliss, i.e. Paranirmita-vasavartin in Sanskrit, Paranimmits-vasavatti in Pali 他化自在天

The first two heavens dwell on the land (地居天) of Mount Sumeru, while the other four dwell on the empty sky/universe (空居天). Although those who dwell there are among the gods, they still have impure thoughts of sexual desire. In the Heaven of the Four Kings and the Trayastrimsa Heaven, sexual affairs are carried out in the same manner as they are among people, but a newborn child in the Heaven of the Four Kings is as large as a five-year-old human child. In the Trayastrimsa Heaven an infant is as large as a seven-year-old human child, and in the Suyama Heaven the newborn are as large as human children of ten.

The desire of those in the Heaven of the Four Kings and the Trayastrimsa Heaven is like our own; but in the Suyama Heaven, husbands and wives prefer to cultivate the Way and only infrequently hold hands. In the Tusita Heaven, marital affairs are carried out by laughing. Although most people consider laughter good, it is actually a function of emotional gratification. In the Transformation of Bliss Heaven, the gods merely gaze at one another to achieve their gratification, and in the Heaven of the Comfort Gained through Transformation of Others' Bliss, a glance is enough to perform the marital act. As one ascends through the Six Desire Heavens, emotional desire decreases. If desire is not light, there can be no ascension to these heavens. If desire is heavy, stupidity results; as desire is lightened, wisdom grows.

1. fire (or body temperature)
2. air (or breath)
3. earth (or body)
4. space (or emptiness)
5. mind (or impermanence)
6. water (or liquid such as saliva, blood, sweat, tears, urines, etc.)

1. The Realization of Faith ( 信成就 )
2. The Realization of Hearing ( 聞成就 )
3. The Realization of Time ( 時成就 )
4. The Realization of Host - one speaks the Dharma ( 主成就 )
5. The Realization of Place ( 處成就 )
6. The Realization of Audiences ( 眾成就 )

See also 'Six Fulfillment'.

The six sutras are:

1. The Avatamsaka Sutra / Flower Adornment Sutra ( 華嚴經 )
2. Sandhinirmocana Sutra / Sutra on the Explanation on Profound and Secret Meaning ( 解深密經 )
3. Lankavatara Sutra ( 楞伽經 )
4. Tathagata Emerging Meritorious Virtue Adornment Sutra ( 如來出現功德莊嚴經 )
5. Abhidharma Sutra ( 阿毗達磨經 )
6. Hou-yen Sutra ( 厚嚴經 )

The eleven treatises are:

1. Yogacara-blumi Shastra ( 瑜伽師地論 )
2. Shastra on Twenty Stanzas of Mere Consciousness / Vimisatika-karika ( 二十唯識論 )
3. Mahayana Samparigraha ( 攝大乘論 )
4. Shastra on Mahayana Adornment Sutra ( 大乘莊嚴經論 )
5. Shastra on Conditions of the Contemplation of the Conditioned ( 觀所緣緣論 )
6. Shastra on Dasabhumika Sutra ( 十地經論 )
7. Shastra on Abhidharmas ( 阿毗達磨雜集論 )
8. Shastra on Propagation of Sagely Teachings ( 顯揚聖教論 )
9. Shastra on Discriminative Yogacara ( 分別瑜伽論 )
10. Shastra on Determination of Mean and Extremes ( 辨中邊論 )
11. Ji-liang Shastra ( 集量論 )

1. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Suffering
2. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Suffering
3. Patience regarding the Dharma involving in Acculumation
4. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Acculumation
5. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Extinction
6. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Extinction
7. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Way
8. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Way

Note that the Truths of Suffering, Acculumation, Extinction and Way are the Four Noble Truths, which is the fundamental doctrine in Buddhism, particularly Hinayana.

There are the other eight hearts within the Form Realm and the Formless Realm:

1. Subsequent Patience regarding Suffering
2. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Suffering
3. Subsequent Patience regarding Acculumation
4. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Acculumation
5. Subsequent Patience regarding Extinction
6. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Extinction
7. Subsequent Patience regarding Way
8. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Way

1. not to kill.
2. not to steal.
3. not to lie or speak evil.
4. not to have sexual misconduct.
5. not to use perfumes or decorate oneself with flowers.
6. not to occupy high beds.
7. not to sing or dance.
8. not to possess wealth.
9. not to eat out of regulation hours.
10. not to drink wine.

It is the certification of the first fruit of Arhatship, which is within the Hinayana (small vehicle). It comes when the eighty-eight categories of delusions of view are smashed and cut off by means of sixteen hearts. It is called a Way of Liberation, for at that point, delusion is completely severed and liberation is obtained. One who has certified to Srotaapanna has seven more births and deaths to undergo. He will be born seven times in the heavens and seven times among men.

1. Vipasyin ( 毘婆尸佛 )
2. Sikhin or Ratnasikhin ( 尸棄佛 / 刺那尸棄佛 )
3. Visvabhu ( 毗舍婆佛 )
4. Krakucchanda ( 拘樓孫佛 )
5. Kanakamuni ( 拘那含佛 )
6. Kasyapa ( 迦葉佛 )
7. Shakyamuni ( 釋迦佛 )

The last four are said to be of the present Kalpa.

1. Amitbha ( 阿彌陀如來 ) - Infinite Light Tathagata
2. Ratnasambhava ( 寶勝如來 ) - Treasure Victory Tathagata
3. Prabhutaratna ( 多寶如來 ) - Many Jewels Tathagata
4. Kan-lu-wang ( 甘露王如來 ) - Sweet Dew King Tathagata
5. Surukaya ( 妙色身如來 ) - Wonderfully Colored Body Tathagata
6. Gwang-bwo-shen ( 廣博身如來 ) - Extensive Body Tathagata
7. Li-bu-wei ( 離怖畏如來 ) - Apart From Fear Tathagata

These Tathagatas can cause the living beings to leave the sufferings of the three evil paths and of the eight difficulties, so that the living beings will always be pure disciples of the Buddha.

1. Mahaviharavasinah
2. Jetavaniyah
3. Abhayagiri-vasinah

In the course, the eighteen Hinayana sects were developed.

From the time of Ashoka, four principal school are regarded as prevailing:

1. Mahasanghika
2. Sthavira
3. Mulasarvastivada
4. Sammatiyah

As far as Sthavira is concerned, there are eleven sects reckoned.

The Sthaviravadins were reputed as nearest to early Buddhism in its tenets, though it is said to have changed the basis of Buddhism from an agonostic system to a realist philosophy.

He translated for 19 years, mainly the sutras for the Tantric School, such as:

• Mahavairochanna Sutra, i.e. Great Sun Sutra (大日經 / 大毗盧遮那成佛神變加持經), 7 fascicles in 716-735 A.D.
• Susiddhikara Mahatantra Sadhanopayika Patala Sutra, i.e. the Sutra of Good Accomplishment (蘇悉地羯羅經)

It consists of 2 fascicles translated in Chinese by Samghavarman in 252 AD. It is known as Larger Sukhavativyuha Sutra, as compared to the one translated by Kumarajiva. See also Amitabha Sutra.